Different types of Signals:Continuous,Discrete,Periodic,Time Domain and Frequency Domain Representation,Introduction to basic Transform Techniques applicable to these Signals.

Spectral Analysis:Fourier Technique, Fourier Transform and their Properties, Transform of Gate Signal, Impulse Function and Unit Step Function, Fourier Transform Technique for Periodic Signal,Transform of Train of Pulses and Impulses, Sine and Cosine wave.

Signal Energy and Power:Spectral Density of various types of signals, Spectra (Parseval’s Theorem), Density Spectra of Periodic Gate and Impulse train.

Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems:Impulse Response,Convolution,Convolution with Impulse Function,Casual and Non Causal System Distortion less System,Impulse Response of Distortion less System, Ideal Filter and Practical Filter.

Modulation Techniques:Need and types of modulation techniques,Amplitude Modulation ,Frequency Spectrum , Power Distribution, Modulation by Complex Signal, Low Level and High Level AM Modulators, Linear Integrated Circuit AM Modulators, Suppressed Carrier Generation (Balance/Chopper and Square Law Modulation), SSB Generator (Phase and Frequency Discrimination Method), VSB Transmission and Application. Detection of AM signals: Envelope Detector Circuit, RC Time Constant, Synchronous Detection Technique, Error in Synchronous Detection, SSB signal detection, PLL and its use in demodulation.

Angle Modulation:Frequency & Phase Modulation Frequency spectrum, bandwidth requirement ,Frequency and Phase Deviation, Modulation Index, NBFM and WBFM, Multiple frequencies FM.

FM Modulators:Direct(Parameter Variation Method)& Indirect (Armstrong)Method of frequency modulation. FM Detector: Slope Detector, Foster Seely Discriminator, Ratio Detector and PLL detectors.

Radio Transmitters:AM transmitter, block diagram and working of Low Level and High Level Transmitters,Trapezoidal Pattern & Carrier Shift,SSB Transmitters,FM transmitters -Frequency Multiplication Applied to FM Signals, FM transmitters.

Radio Receivers:Block Diagram of Radio Receiver, Receiver Characteristics (Selectivity, Fidelity and Sensitivity), AM Receiver, RF Receiver, Super-hetero dyne Receiver, RF Amplifier, Frequency Mixer,AVC and AFC, Image Signal, Intermediate Frequency Selection, Diversity Reception, FM Receiver.

Noise :Sources and types of noise and their power density, White Noise, Noise from Single and Multiple noise source for Linear Systems, Super Position of Power Spectrum, Equivalent Noise Bandwidth, Noise Figure, and Equivalent Noise Temperature, their Relationship, Calculation of Noise Figure and Noise Temperature for Cascade Systems, Noise Performance of Communication System, Band Pass Noise Representation in Terms of Low Pass, In-phase and Quadrature Phase Component and their Power Spectral Density, Figure of Merit, Calculation for AM, AM-SC and SSB System, Noise in Angle Modulate System, Figure of Merit for FM, Noise Density of Output of FM Detector, Preemphasis and De-emphasis, Phasor Representation of Noise, Capture Effect, Comparison of Noise Performance of AM and FM.

                 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION(CS-405)

Unit-I

Time domain and frequency domain representation of signal: Fourier Transform and its properties, Transform of Gate, Periodic gate, Impulse periodic impulse sine and cosine wave, Concept of energy density and power density (Parseval’s theorem), Power density of periodic gate and impulse function, impulse response of a system, convolutions, convolution with impulse function, causal and non causal system impulse response of ideal low pass filter, Correlation & Auto correlation.

Base band signal, need of modulation :Introduction of modulations techniques,Amplitude modulation, Equation and its frequency domain representation, Bandwidth, Power distribution. AM suppressed carrier waveform equation and frequency domain representation Generation (Balance/Chopper modulator) and synchronous detection technique, errors in synchronous detection,Introduction to SSB and VSB Transmission Angle modulation, Frequency and phase modulation equation and their relative phase and frequency deviations, modulation index frequency spectrum,NBFM and WBFM, Bandwidth comparison of modulation techniques.

Sampling of signal :sampling theorem for low pass and Band pass signal, Pulse amplitude

modulation (PAM), Time division, multiplexing (TDM). Channel Bandwidth for PAM-TDM signal Type of sampling instantaneous, Natural and flat top, Aperture effect, Introduction to pulse position and pulse duration modulations, Digital signal, Quantization, Quantization error, Pulse code modulation, signal to noise ratio, Companding, Data rate and Baud rate, Bit rate, multiplexed PCM signal, Differential PCM (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM) and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), comparison of various systems.

Digital modulations techniques: Generation, detection, equation and Bandwidth of amplitude shift keying (ASK) Binary Phase Shift keying (BPSK), Differential phase shift keying (DPSK), offset and non offset quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-Ary PSK, Binary frequency Shift Keying (BFSK),M-Ary FSK Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM), MODEM, Introduction to probability of error.

Information theory and coding: Information, entropies (Marginal and conditional),Model of a

communication system, Mathematical representation of source, channel and receiver characteristics,Mutual information, channel capacity efficiency of noise free channel Binary symmetric channel (BSC) Binary erasure channel (BEC), Repetition of signal, NM symmetric Binary channel, Shannon theorem,Shanon-Hartley theorem (S/N-BW trade off)Source encoding code properties; Shanon, Fano and Huffman coding methods and their efficiency error control coding, Minimum Hamming distance, Linear Block Code, Cyclic code and convolution codes. Line Encoding: Manchester coding, RZ, NRZ coding.