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Introduction to Data Communication and Networks: Data Communication, Networks – Physical structures; different topologies, Categories of Networks: LAN, MAN, WAN, Interconnection of networks, The Internet, Protocols and Standards, Standards Organizations. Network Models, Layered tasks, The OSI model, different layers in OSI model. TCP/IP protocol suite ; different layers, addressing, - physical, logical, port and specific addresses, Analog and digital, digital signals-Bit Length, Digital Signal as a Composite Ana log Signal, Transmission of Digital Signals, Data Rate Limits-Noiseless Channel, Noisy Channel.

Physical Layer : Digital-to-Digital Conversion-Line Coding, Line Coding Scheme, Block Coding, Scrembling. Multiplexing – Frequency Division, Wavelength Division, Synchronous Time Division, Statistical Time Division Multiplexing. Circuit-Switched Networks – Three Phases, Efficiency, Delay. Datagram Networks - Routing Table, Efficiency, Delay, Datagram Networks in the Internet. Virtual Circuit Networks - Addressing, Three Phases, Efficiency, Delay, Circuit Switched Technology in WANs. Structure of Circuit and Packet switches, Dial-up Modems, Digital Subscriber Line - ADSL, ADSL Lite, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL, Cable TV for Data Transfer- Bandwidth, Sharing, CM and CMTS, Data Transmission Schemes.

Data Link Layer: Introduction - Types of Errors, Redundancy, Detection Vs Correction, Forward Error Correction Vs Retransmission, Modular Arithmetic. Block Coding - Error Detection, Error Correction, Hamming Distance, Minimum Hamming Distance. Linear Block Codes, Cyclic Codes - Cyclic Redundancy Check, Hardware Implementation, Polynomials, Cyclic Code Analysis, Advantages. Checksum, Framing - Fixed and Variable-Size. Flow and Error Control, Protocols, Noiseless Channels – Simplest and Stop-and-Wait Protocols. Noisy Channels - Stop-and-Wait

Automatic Repeat Request, Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat Request, Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request.

Medium Access: Random Access- ALOHA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). Controlled Access-Reservation, Polling, Token Passing. Channelization- Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time- Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA). IEEE Standards, Standard Ethernet,

Changes in the Standard, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, IEEE 802.11- Architecture, MAC Sub layer, Addressing Mechanism, Physical Layer. Bluetooth- Architecture, Radio Layer, Baseband Layer, L2CAP.

Connecting LANs: Connecting Devices- Passive Hubs, Repeaters, Active Hubs, Bridges, Two-Layer Switches, Three-Layer Switches, Gateway. Backbone Networks-Bus, Star, Connecting Remote LANs. Virtual LANs - Membership, Configuration, Communication between Switches, Network layer – logical addressing - . IPv4Addresses- Address Space, Notation, Classful Addressing, Classless Addressing, Network Address Translation (NAT). IPv6 Addresses Structure and Address Space. Internetworking - Need for Network Layer, Internet as a Datagram Network, Internet as a Connectionless Network. IPv4- Datagram, Fragmentation, Checksum, Options. IPv6 - Advantages, Packet Format, Extension Headers. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Address Mapping- Logical to Physical Address, Physical to Logical Address, Routing – Delivery forwarding techniques and processes, routing table,Unicast routing protocols – Optimization, inter domain, intra domain, distance vector, link state and path vector routing, Multicast routing protocol - Unicast, multicast and broadcast, applications, multicast routing and routing protocol.