Fundamentals:Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control,Different techniques of analysis. heoretical considerations and pharmaceutical applications; with special reference toIndian pharmacopoeia; of the following analytical techniques -

Acid-Base titrations: Theoretical principles. Classification, Direct titration of strong acids, Strong bases, and weak bases, Back titrations, Acid –Base indicators, Choice of indicators and mixed indicators. Methods for determination of organically combined Nitrogen and in pharmaceutical applications. 
Oxidation-Reduction titrations:Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions,

strengths & equivalent weighs of oxidizing and reducing agents, redox indicators, potassium permanganate titrations, iodometry & iodometry, 9£dcammonium sulphate titrations, potassium iodate titrations. Pharmaceutical applications, preparation and standardization of redox titrants e.g. sodium thiosulphate etc.

Precipitation titrations:Detection of End Points in Precipitation reactions.Indicators used in Precipitation titrations,Preparation & standardization of titrants like silver nitrate, ammonium thiocyanate; titrations according to Mohr's and Volhard's methods;ammonium and potassium thiocyanate titrations; indicators; applications in pharmaceutical analysis.

UNIT-II  

Gravimetric analysis:Fundamentals of gravimetry, Precipitation reagents precipitation techniques, Specific examples of gravimetric estimation like Aluminum as hydroxy quinolate, Barium on Barium Sulfate, Lead as Chromate and Magnesium as Magnesium Pyrophosphate.

UNIT-III  

Non-aqueous titrations:Scopes and limitations,Solvents used in non aqueous titrations. Acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media, Titration of weak acids and weak bases with specific examples given in Indian Pharmacopoeia.

Complexometric titrations:Theory of Complexometric analysis. Factor in influencing stability of complexes. pM indicators. Types of Disodium edetate titrations with suitable examples. 

Conductometry:Ohm’s law and ionic conductivities, Apparatus used for conductimetric titrations.Application of conductimetry in acid-base,Precipitation and complexome trictitrations with suitable examples. 

Potentiometry:Theory and principles, Reference electrodes, Indicators electrodes and Ion
selective electrodes. Instrumentation for potentiometric titrations.Application of potentiometry for end point determination in acid-base titration, redox titrations,precipitation titrations with suitable examples 

Polarography & Amperometry: Introduction,theoretical principles,organic polarography, dropping mercury electrode, basic principles of polarographic instruments, methods ofanalysis, experiments including amperometric titrations. Miscellaneous methods of analysis like diazotization titrations and Karl-fisher titrations.

LIST OF PRACTICALS:

• Acid base titrations: Preparation and standardization of acids and bases, some exercises related to the determination of acids and bases separately and in mixture form. Some official assay procedures of boric acid, ascorbic acid shall also be covered.

• Oxidation-reduction titration: Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants, e.g., potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate etc. Some exercises related to the determination of oxidizing and reducing agents in the sample shall be covered. Exercises involving use of potassium iodate, potassium bromate, ceric ammonium sulphate shall be performed.

• Precipitation titrations: Preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate, titrations according to Mohr's and Volhard's methods.

• Gravimetric analysis: Determination of water of hydration, some exercises related to Gravimetric estimation of metal ions such as barium, magnesium and calcium shall he covered.

• Diazotization reaction: Assay of sulphonamides.

• Complexometric titration: Any two official assays done by this method.

• Non-aqueous titrations: preparation and standardization of some non aqueous titrants,e.g., Perchloric acid, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. Any two official assay given in Pharmacopoeia of India.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

• A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake: Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol I and II, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India

• H. H. Willard, L. L. Merritt and J. A. Dean: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand Reinbold, New York.

• L.M. Atherden: Bentley and Driver's Text book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford UniversityPress, Delhi.

• G.L. Jenldns, J.E. Christian, G.P. Hager: Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGrawHill, Company, New York.

• Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, Delhi.

• Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery, J. Mendham: Vogel's Textbook of quantitative Inorganic Analysis, The ELBS and Longman, London.